What Is a Hernia?

A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the muscle wall that normally contains it. Hernias most commonly occur in the abdominal area and groin, including:

  • Inguinal hernias (groin)
  • Femoral hernias (upper thigh/groin area)
  • Umbilical hernias (belly button)
  • Epigastric hernias (upper abdomen)
  • Incisional hernias (through a prior surgical incision)

Hernias can cause bulging, discomfort, pain with activity, or complications like incarceration or strangulation (when blood flow is cut off). Many hernias require surgical repair to relieve symptoms and prevent serious complications.

Why Hernia Repair Is Performed

Surgery is recommended when hernias are painful, growing, interfere with daily activities, or carry risk of incarceration or strangulation. Even hernias that are currently painless often grow over time and may eventually cause discomfort or complications if left untreated.

Types of Hernia Repair Procedures

Laparoscopic Hernia Repair

This minimally invasive approach uses small incisions and a camera (laparoscope) to guide instruments that repair the hernia from the inside. Mesh is often placed to reinforce the weakened muscle wall. Benefits can include reduced pain, smaller scars, faster return to activity, and lower risk of wound infection.

Open Hernia Repair

Sometimes an open surgical approach is preferred or necessary. This technique uses a single incision over the hernia site, allowing direct access to repair the defect. Mesh reinforcement is frequently used to strengthen the repair and reduce recurrence.

Mesh vs. Non‑Mesh Repair

In many cases, surgical mesh is used to reinforce the muscle wall and reduce the risk of hernia recurrence. Mesh may be synthetic or biologic, and your surgeon will discuss the best option based on your condition and health history.

What to Expect During Surgery

Hernia repair is performed under anesthesia in a hospital or outpatient surgical center. The specific technique depends on the hernia type, size, and your overall health. Laparoscopic repair typically involves several small incisions, while open repair uses one larger incision. Your surgical team will explain the planned approach and what you can expect during the procedure.

Recovery and Aftercare

Recovery varies based on the type of repair and your individual health. General recommendations include:

  • Gradual return to light activity within a few days
  • Avoiding heavy lifting or strenuous exercise for several weeks
  • Pain control with medications as directed
  • Keeping the incision clean and dry

Most patients return to normal daily activities within 1–3 weeks, with full healing taking longer for more extensive repairs. Your care team will provide detailed instructions tailored to your procedure and needs.

Benefits of Hernia Repair

  • Relief from pain and discomfort
  • Stronger abdominal or groin wall
  • Prevention of hernia complications, such as strangulation
  • Improved quality of life and ability to remain active

Risks and Considerations

Hernia repair is generally safe, but all surgeries carry risks. These may include infection, bleeding, reaction to anesthesia, nerve irritation, recurrence of the hernia, or chronic groin pain. Your surgeon will discuss your individual risk profile and steps taken to minimize complications. Choosing the right surgical technique and proper aftercare are important factors in reducing recurrence and ensuring a successful outcome.

Divisions Involved in Your Care

Diagnoses We Treat

Frequently Asked Questions

Hernias occur when increased pressure inside the abdomen pushes tissue through a weak spot in the muscle wall. Factors include heavy lifting, straining, obesity, pregnancy, aging, and previous surgery.

Diagnosis is usually made with a physical exam and confirmed with imaging, such as ultrasound or CT scan, to assess the size and contents of the hernia.

Not all hernias require immediate surgery, but most will eventually cause symptoms or risk complications. Elective repair is recommended to prevent incarceration or strangulation.

Laparoscopic repair uses small incisions and a camera, often resulting in faster recovery and less pain. Open repair uses a single incision and direct access, which may be preferred in certain cases.

Mesh is often used to reinforce the repair and lower the risk of recurrence. The type of mesh and technique is chosen based on your hernia and overall health.

Most patients resume light activity within a few days and return to normal activities in 1–3 weeks. Avoid heavy lifting for several weeks to allow healing.

Recurrence can occur but is less common when mesh reinforcement and proper technique are used. Following postoperative care instructions reduces this risk.

Some discomfort is typical, especially in the first few days, but pain is managed with medication and generally improves quickly.