Pyloric Stenosis
What Is Pyloric Stenosis?
Pyloric stenosis is a condition in infants where the muscle at the lower end of the stomach—the pylorus—becomes abnormally thickened. This thickening blocks food from passing into the small intestine, leading to forceful vomiting and feeding difficulties. It typically develops in the first few weeks of life and is more common in boys than girls.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is unknown, but several factors may contribute, including genetics and environmental triggers. It is not present at birth but usually develops in the first 3 to 6 weeks of life. Risk factors include:
- Being male (especially first-born sons)
- Family history of the condition
- Use of certain antibiotics during infancy
- Premature birth
- Smoking during pregnancy
Signs and Symptoms
The hallmark symptom of pyloric stenosis is projectile vomiting—forceful, non-bilious vomiting that occurs shortly after feeding. Other signs may include:
- Constant hunger
- Weight loss or poor weight gain
- Dehydration
- Fewer wet diapers
- Visible waves of stomach contractions (peristalsis)
Diagnosis
Doctors typically diagnose pyloric stenosis through a combination of physical examination and imaging tests. An ultrasound is the preferred diagnostic tool, revealing a thickened pyloric muscle. Blood tests may be used to evaluate dehydration or electrolyte imbalances caused by vomiting.
Treatment
The standard treatment for pyloric stenosis is a surgical procedure called pyloromyotomy. This minimally invasive surgery involves splitting the thickened muscle to allow normal passage of food into the small intestine. It is highly effective, and most infants recover quickly, with feedings resumed gradually within hours to days post-op.
